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The way in which the phase-out of nuclear power plants in Germany is currently planned could negatively influence the safety of the facilities. Those involved could increasingly favour their own interests as the shutdown date approaches, argue scientists from the University of Basel and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin in the journal Behavioural Science and Policy. They base their argument on the possibility of endgame behaviour from game theory.
After the reactor disaster in Fukushima in March 2011, the German government decided to shut down eight power plants with immediate effect. The remaining nine facilities were given fixed shutdown dates; the last plant is planned to close in 2022. The phase-out of nuclear power plants is also being discussed in Switzerland, after the nuclear phase-out initiative – which demanded the shutdown of nuclear power plants after a maximum of 45 years of operation – was rejected in November 2016.
Increasingly self-interested actors?
The psychologists examined whether the impending shutdown dates of the operational nuclear power plants is leading to endgame behaviour in the nuclear sector, for example in plant workers, managers, operators, suppliers, and authorities.
In game theory, endgame behaviour means that players behave increasingly self-interested as a game draws to an end. When transferred into the context of the nuclear industry, this could mean that those involved on every level will increasingly put their own interests first. Such a tendency could have a negative impact on the safety of nuclear power plants.
The scientists used three approaches to examine whether there are indications of endgame behaviour in the nuclear industry. They considered the behaviour of players in the nuclear industry as portrayed in the public record; statistics on reportable events in nuclear power plants; and the safety behaviour of participants in experimental studies.
Three approaches
- In media reports on phasing out nuclear energy in Germany, there is evidence that trust and cooperative behaviour between the utilities and government decision-makers has become increasingly precarious since the phase-out decision in 2011. A loss of expertise and motivation in employees in the nuclear industry is also to be expected, caused by the foreseeable decline of an entire industry that many no longer perceive as offering attractive career opportunities.
- Contrary to their hypothesis, in the five years since the phase-out decision in 2011, the psychologists found no statistical increase in reportable events (accidents, malfunctions or other safety-related events in nuclear power plants). This would have been expected according to endgame behaviour. However, a phase-out was also agreed back in 2001 between the nuclear utilities and the government. In the five-year period after this first phase-out decision, the number of reportable events rose by 39%.
- In behaviour-based experiments, participants took on the role of managers. In several rounds, they had to decide if they wanted to invest in the safety of a power plant or not. If they did not invest, the likelihood of accidents increased. The results showed endgame behaviour: by the end of the rounds, less was invested in safety. Only when the definite end point of the rounds was unknown did no endgame behaviour emerge.
The human factor
The authors say that these results may be inconclusive, but it is essential to anticipate and analyse potential behaviour-based consequences in the phase-out of safety-sensitive technologies and industries. “The human factor must not be overlooked during the concrete implementation of such decisions,” says lead author Markus Schöbel. Politically motivated phase-out procedures could introduce new and unanticipated consequences for public safety.
Full bibliographic information
Markus Schöbel, Ralph Hertwig, Jörg Rieskamp – Phasing out a risky technology: An endgame problem in German nuclear power plants? (PDF) Behavioral Science & Policy (2018)
