Open HSI menu
Subscribe Login

Home / Articles and Press Releases / Article / Importance of Head Protection

CATEGORIES

  • Latest Issue
  • Above The Neck Protection
  • Chemical Protection
  • Confined Space
  • Construction
  • Emergency Procedures
  • Energy, Oil and Mining Industries
  • Eye Protection
  • Fall Protection
  • Gas Detection
  • Hand Protection
  • Hazardous and Explosive Atmospheres
  • Health and Safety Awareness
  • Hearing Protection
  • Heat and Flame
  • Lighting and ATEX
  • Noise Monitoring
  • Personal Protective Equipment
  • Respiratory Protection
  • Safety Footwear
  • Safety Technology
  • Safety Training
  • Slips, Trips and Falls
  • Wellbeing at Work
  • Working at Height
  • Working Rights

MORE

  • Press Releases
  • Events
  • Videos
  • Webinars
  • Magazines

COMPANY

  • About
  • Advertising
  • Newsletter
  • Contact
Open HSI menu
Subscribe

Home / Articles and Press Releases / Article / Importance of Head Protection

CATEGORIES

  • Latest Issue
  • Above The Neck Protection
  • Chemical Protection
  • Confined Space
  • Construction
  • Emergency Procedures
  • Energy, Oil and Mining Industries
  • Eye Protection
  • Fall Protection
  • Gas Detection
  • Hand Protection
  • Hazardous and Explosive Atmospheres
  • Health and Safety Awareness
  • Hearing Protection
  • Heat and Flame
  • Lighting and ATEX
  • Noise Monitoring
  • Personal Protective Equipment
  • Respiratory Protection
  • Safety Footwear
  • Safety Technology
  • Safety Training
  • Slips, Trips and Falls
  • Wellbeing at Work
  • Working at Height
  • Working Rights

MORE

  • Press Releases
  • Events
  • Videos
  • Webinars
  • Magazines

COMPANY

  • About
  • Advertising
  • Newsletter
  • Contact

CATEGORIES

  • Article
  • Press Release
  • Above The Neck Protection
  • Chemical Protection
  • Confined Space
  • Construction
  • Emergency Procedures
  • Energy, Oil and Mining Industries
  • Eye Protection
  • Fall Protection
  • Gas Detection
  • Hand Protection
  • Hazardous and Explosive Atmospheres
  • Health and Safety Awareness
  • Hearing Protection
  • Heat and Flame
  • Lighting and ATEX
  • Noise Monitoring
  • Personal Protective Equipment
  • Respiratory Protection
  • Safety Footwear
  • Safety Technology
  • Safety Training
  • Slips, Trips and Falls
  • Wellbeing at Work
  • White Papers
  • Working at Height
  • Working Rights

Article

Importance of Head Protection

By Duncan Webb

| Read Bio

Published: October 10th, 2006

Share this article

Covered in this article:

  • Why is head protection important?
  • Head protection standards
  • Construction accidents

To safeguard against injury wear the right hat

In a time of rapid technological development it is easy to forget that you have a very powerful portable computer with you all the time – your brain

Unfortunately, just like a portable computer, your brain is fragile and its packaging is not strong enough to protect it from all shocks or impacts. So, you need to choose appropriate protection for your brain and head.

Head injury is still one of the most common causes of fatal injury in accidents. Choosing the right head protection, and then using it correctly, is not that difficult and will protect both your health and your wallet.

This article gives an overview, including some of the aspects of head protection that are not so well known. The same principles of head protection apply wherever you are in the world, but I have used examples of European standards. As with any PPE, you can get detailed advice from manufacturers, suppliers and safety organizations and regulators; HSE in the UK 1 .

Why is head protection important?

Head protection in PPE terms is considered as protection against impact injury and some burn injuries. It generally protects the scalp area, and sometimes the jaw. The face is generally not included, except for some sports helmets. Eye and face protection, noise protection and respiratory protection are separate types of PPE. Protective clothing standards include protecting the head from chemical, biological and radioactive hazards.

Head injuries

Head injuries can be very complicated – some are obvious when the accident happens but others appear hours or days after the accident. A head injury involves different kinds of damage to the skull and its contents. This may also include neck injuries. Different types of head injury often happen in one accident.

Put very simply, the brain does not fill the skull – rather than being fixed firmly in place it “floats” inside the skull. Also, the brain and its blood vessels are soft, and can be damaged by contact with the inside of the skull and by being compressed or twisted. Obviously, if the skull is broken then the brain can be damaged by direct contact – an open head injury. But the brain can also be damaged without direct contact if it hits the inside of the skull, or is twisted on the top of the spinal cord – a closed head injury. For example, in a severe whiplash car accident there can be damage to the brain from being shaken against the skull, as well as neck injuries.

Medical research has provided a lot of useful information on the types of head injuries occurring in accidents, and how these injuries are caused. However, because head injuries can be so complicated, the exact mechanisms that cause these injuries are still not clearly understood.

When there is an impact to the head, there are accelerations and rotations of both the head and the brain inside the head. Research studies have defined the impact forces and accelerations which cause some types of head injury. These data come from a combination of accident and casualty data, and tests on cadavers, animals and volunteers. Because we are all different, our individual “head injury tolerances” are different. So, the forces and/or accelerations that are likely to cause head injuries are given as a range, and not as single values. As an example, the force to fracture the skull causing serious injury (and maybe death) is in the range 600 to 20000 N, with the typical force for a healthy 25 year old male likely to be around 3500 to 5000 N. Similarly, moderate or more severe concussion has been found to occur around 3000 N upward.

The general aims of head protection are then very simple:

  • To reduce the level of the force/acceleration on the head to an “acceptable” level
  • To prevent objects cutting or penetrating the head

Clearly, the important question here is what is an “acceptable” level of injury? I will return to this later.

How does head protection reduce the level of the force/acceleration on the head?

There are two key mechanisms:

  • Some of the energy of an impact is absorbed by the head protection which reduces the force/acceleration sustained by the head
  • The duration of the impact is increased so that, for the same energy, the maximum force/acceleration on the head is lower

In simple terms, head protection will act like the crumple zone on your car. It absorbs some of the energy and spreads out the time of the impact. High speed video of a hard hat during impact shows the helmet looking very like a jelly – it wobbles and deforms, which absorbs energy. Of course, head protection must also be strong enough to protect the head from penetration. And, just like the crumple zone on your car, head protection should be replaced after an accident!

Regulations and sensible risk management

Head protection generally falls under the same regulations as other PPE – in the UK this is The PPE at Work Regulations 1992 2 and The PPE Regulations 2002 3 . Some key points of these regulations are:

  • Head protection should only be used after a risk assessment has been made
  • Head protection should be selected, used and maintained correctly
  • Head protection should be CE marked (to show that it meets the essential safety requirements of the PPE Directive 89/686/EEC)

Correct selection, use, care and maintenance is essential for you to get the best performance from your head protection. All head protection should come with full instructions, and the manufacturer or supplier can provide more information. You should always follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

There may be other specific national regulations that require head protection. In the UK the Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 and Docks Regulations 1988 both require suitable safety helmets to be worn where there is a foreseeable risk of injury to the head.

As for all sensible risk management, you need to assess the hazards and risks and take steps to reduce the risks until they are “as low as is reasonably practicable” (ALARP). Because head protection only protects the wearer and does not remove the hazard it is the last line of defence. Before choosing PPE you should try to remove the hazard or make the hazard less severe. For example:

  • Try to avoid having walkways underneath work areas where something might be dropped
  • Try to close off work areas above the ground so that nothing can drop from them
  • Create exclusion areas where there is heavy lifting overhead Most importantly, remember that head protection does not offer 100% protection against all hazards – it only protects against defined hazards and only reduces injuries to an acceptable level.

Head protection standards

You may often see standards referred to, but do you know what they do?

Just like other PPE, most head protection is CE marked against the requirements of a harmonized CEN standard. Meeting the requirements of a harmonized standard means that the essential requirements of the PPE Directive (89/686/EEC) have also been met, and the CE mark will be accompanied by the relevant standard number. Standards also offer the advantages of:

  • Setting a specification that manufacturers, regulators and consumers can use
  • Giving a defined minimum protection performance so that products can be easily compared

Head protection standards set performance requirements for the:

  • Resistance to penetration (by a sharp object)
  • Shock absorption during impact
  • Retention on the head
  • Markings and information for the user
  • Specific requirements for each type of head protection

Comfort and wearability issues are not very well addressed in current standards. One of the major reasons for this is that it is very difficult to devise objective tests to measure such subjective factors. However, work continues to improve head protection standards ability to address comfort. For example, tests that would measure the ventilation of the head when wearing head protection are being researched, as this could be used as an indicator of likely thermal comfort for comparing head protection.

Standards test methods

As I said before, head injuries can be complicated, and the exact mechanisms that cause injuries are not understood. So, how do standards writers define test methods and performance requirements?

All tests are conducted with the head protection mounted on an artificial test head.

Penetration tests are easy – a sharp object hitting the head protection with a given energy must not touch the test head.

Shock absorption tests are more difficult. A blunt object hits the head protection (on a test head) with a given energy. Different shapes of blunt object are used according to the likely hazard e.g. a kerbstone shape is used in some motorcycle helmet standards. For standards where a falling object is the main hazard, the object falls onto the head protection. For standards where the wearer falling over is the main hazard the head protection plus test head falls on the object. Either way, a limit needs to be set on the force/acceleration transmitted to the test head when the helmet is worn: this limit is intended to correspond to an acceptable level of injury. Setting this limit which is difficult, and requires the standards writers to use existing medical knowledge and experience of how head protection performs in use. At the moment, limits on the linear force or acceleration transmitted to the test head are used for shock absorption performance.

What is an “acceptable” level of injury?

This depends on what the injury would be without head protection.

  • If the injury without head protection is a bump on the head or a cut, then acceptable injury is probably no more than a mild headache (e.g. the industrial bump cap)
  • If the injury without head protection is a skull fracture and/or moderate brain injury, then acceptable injury is probably no more than concussion and bruising (e.g. the industrial safety helmet)
  • If the injury without head protection is a major skull fracture and/or serious brain injury which could be fatal, then acceptable injury might be as high as minor fractures and mild brain injury (e.g. the motorcycle helmet)

Head protection standards have an introduction including words like “the protection given by a helmet depends on the circumstances of the accident and wearing a helmet cannot always prevent death or long-term disability.”

This emphasizes again that head protection does not offer 100% protection. And, for head protection just as for other PPE, increasing the level of protection means heavier and bulkier equipment which may make working difficult and introduce its own hazards such as thermal discomfort or musculo-skeletal problems.

Why won’t head protection always protect me?

Let’s consider some likely accidents.

Construction accidents

A brick drops from the second floor and hits a worker wearing an industrial safety helmet. If the brick weighs 1 kg and drops 5 m before impact then it has an energy of roughly 50 J. The helmet standard uses a 50 J impact for shock absorption, so the helmet should protect the worker from no worse than concussion and bruising – the intended acceptable injury. Replace the brick with a pallet of 50 bricks dropping from the same height. The impact energy is now about 2500 J.

This is well above the energy used to test for shock absorption, so the helmet is no longer in its tested performance zone. The helmet will reduce the severity of the impact and the level of injury, but by an uncertain amount. If a 2500 J impact lasts 0.1 s then the force is roughly 5000 N.  Without a helmet this is enough to fracture the skull causing severe injury or death. Even with the helmet this is likely to be a major injury, maybe still fatal.

This is why you should create exclusion areas where there is heavy lifting overhead – head protection is not designed to protect against very heavy falling objects.

Motorcycle accidents

Now consider a motorcycle accident where the rider is thrown off and hits a wall with their head so that their whole body weight is involved. This is the worst case for head impact and injury. At around just 6 mph, for an 80 kg rider the energy is roughly 5000 J. The best motorcycle helmet uses a 150 J impact for shock absorption. So, again, the helmet is no longer in its tested performance zone and will reduce the level of injury by an uncertain amount. Even with the helmet this is likely to be a major injury, maybe fatal.

These figures are NOT a reason for not wearing a helmet, they just illustrate how large the forces on the head can be in a “minor” accident.

Many accidents don’t involve the whole body weight, but only a proportion of it. Similarly, many impacts are not full on but glancing. So, even at higher speeds or higher nominal impact energies the helmet can be inside its performance zone, where its protection is known. And if the helmet is outside its performance zone it will still reduce the impact forces on the head. It is just that this reduction may not be big enough to prevent serious injury or death.

The different types of head protection

If you mention head protection most people will think of hard hats or motorcycle helmets. But there are many other types of head protection. Although head protection can be conveniently split into industrial (or workplace) and leisure categories, leisure head protection is often used in the workplace. The emergency services and the military have their own head protection standards, but also use industrial and leisure head protection.

Industrial head protection

Table 1 summarizes the protection offered by UK and European Standards.

Bump caps offer low protection and are not intended to protect against falling or moving objects. They are suitable where the risk is walking into objects e.g. in warehouses and garages. Bump caps are available in both safety helmet and baseball cap styles. The baseball cap style is popular because it looks more stylish and is often more comfortable. This is another important factor in selecting head protection – if the wearers like it and find it comfortable they will wear it.

Industrial safety helmets (the ubiquitous hard hat) offer medium protection against a range of hazards, with options for protection (e.g. electrical shock from brief contact with live wires, molten metal splash) that may be needed in some workplaces. They are suitable for a wide range of workplaces. Versions with reduced peaks are available to give better upward visibility. Some have ventilation holes to improve comfort – these holes must not affect the protection. Liners can be worn under the helmet in cold weather.

Safety helmets must be able to fit an adjustable chinstrap. A chinstrap is very useful for keeping the helmet on your head, especially when you are bending a lot. It is a very good idea to supply helmets with chinstraps. There are regularly accidents where the injury is worse because the helmet had fallen off, or the wearer had got sick of the helmet falling off and had taken it off. The chinstrap is designed to release under a load. Although different products look very similar, they can feel different when worn because of different weight, centre of gravity etc. Sweatbands can make a helmet feel more comfortable.

Industrial safety helmets are often used with other PPE, where it is very important that there is full compatibility. If the PPE or head protection does not fit properly because of the other PPE then it will not offer its full protection. There are many options for helmet mounted PPE e.g. ear defenders, visors etc. which avoid compatibility problems.

The high performance industrial safety helmet is similar to the industrial safety helmet, but offers greater impact protection. The standard has none of the design restrictions of the industrial safety helmet (minimum helmet to head clearances etc). So, foam liners etc could be used if the protection performance is achieved. This is a recent standard so there aren’t many products available yet.

Protection from Chin strap releases under load Likely to protect against 1kg brick falling from
walking into objects falling objects flame electrical shock
Industrial bump cap BS EN 813 √ optional at low temp X √ optional limited √ optional N/A N/A
Industrial safety helmet BS EN 397 √ optional at low & high temp √ √ limited also optional molten metal splash √ optional √ 5mv
High performance industrial safety helmet BS EN 14052 √ optional at low & high temp √ √ limited √ optional √ 10m
Firefighter’s helmet BS EN 443 √ at low & high temp √ √ also radiant heat √ √ 12.5m
Marine safety helmet UK PAS 028 √ √ X X X 10.2m

The marine safety helmet uses a UK PAS, which is an agreed industry specification and not a full standard. It is a helmet specifically designed for users of small, fast craft such as lifeboat crews. The chinstrap is designed not to release.

There are other standards which include industrial head protection. Some PPE ensemble standards may include their own requirements for aspects of head protection, although they may also reference head protection standards.

There is also industrial PPE which uses the term “helmet” but is not strictly head protection.

“Welding helmets” are generally faceshields/visors with a hood over the head. They are intended to protect the eyes and face against welding radiation and spatter and may not offer head protection.

“Shotblasting helmets” are a form of hood intended to provide respiratory and abrasion protection. Protection against falling objects is optional (and uses test methods from BS EN 397).

There is no British or European Standard for “ATV helmets” (ATV – all terrain vehicle or quad bike), “chainsaw helmets” or for “forestry helmets”. These are names for types of helmet that are CE approved either by technical file or by use of another Standard. Typically, ATV helmets are CE approved against some or all of BS EN 1384 (equestrian helmets). Chainsaw and forestry helmets are generally CE approved against some or all of BS EN 397 (industrial safety helmets).  This means that there is no guarantee that different ATV helmets are directly comparable with other ATV helmets. Similarly, there is no guarantee that different chainsaw or forestry helmets are directly comparable with other chainsaw or forestry helmets. The manufacturer can supply details of how a helmet was CE approved.

Chinstraps – to release or not to release

Why do some chinstraps release when a given force is applied? The intention is to reduce the risk of strangulation. If a helmet became caught so that the wearer hung by the chinstrap with their feet off the ground, a chinstrap which does not release might strangle them.

But, it isn’t that simple. If a helmet is intended for accidents where there is more than one impact, then a releasing chinstrap might release the helmet early on and leave the head unprotected for later impacts.

So, the balance of strangulation versus multiple impact risks has been considered when deciding whether a standard will have a releasing chinstrap. This is why the helmets where multiple impact is likely all have non-releasing chinstraps.

Head protection lifetime and replacement

This is the most frequent question that I am asked about head protection. The following comments apply to any helmet used as PPE, although they are written with the BS EN 397 industrial safety helmet in mind. I am not aware of any general legal or UK HSE requirements on specific replacement times. Some industries may have codes of practice or guidance which specify a given replacement time. Some workplaces/companies may have safety procedures which specify a given replacement time.

Replacement

A safety helmet should be replaced when or before its protective capacity has been significantly reduced. The manufacturer of the helmet is the source of guidance when deciding on a replacement policy. 3 years from manufacture is a widely accepted lifetime for helmets. This is a sensible “rule of thumb” lifetime, however, it is important that the user exercises some discretion. If the working or storage environment subjects the helmet to premature ageing it may be advisable to reduce the replacement time. Hostile environments include exposure to UV (including sunlight) and exposure to chemical attack (including vapour in the atmosphere). The manufacturer of the helmet will provide advice on environmental factors.

If the helmet suffers an impact, it uses up some of its protective capacity and should be replaced, regardless of age. REPLACE THE WHOLE HELMET AND NOT JUST THE SHELL OR CRADLE. When a helmet has been exposed to regular small bangs and knocks, and is badly worn and scratched it should also be replaced. The best rule is “if in doubt, replace”.

Manufacture date

The date of manufacture will be found on the helmet as a permanent marking, as required by EN 397. It is usually given as a quarter and year, and is often on the bottom of the peak. This marking can take different forms e.g. dials with arrows, dots for the quarter and a year etc. Other head protection standards may also require manufacture date markings on the head protection.

In summary, there is a wide range of head protection suitable for almost all your needs. If you apply sensible risk management and an appreciation of the limitations of the protection offered by head protection then you can keep your head safe for its designed lifetime.

References

1 HSE infoline 0845 345 0055, HSE website www.hse.gov.uk.

2 The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 maintain the implementation of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Directive 89/656/ EEC. HSE publication L25 “Personal protective equipment at work (Second Edition)” ISBN 0717661393 gives these regulations and associated guidance.

3 The Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002 (SI 2002 No. 1144) maintain the implementation of the Personal Protective Equipment Directive 89/686/EEC and are produced by DTI.

Published: 10th Oct 2006 in Health and Safety International

Share this article

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Duncan Webb

Connect with Duncan Webb

POPULAR POSTS BY Duncan Webb

Article

Can You Keep A Cool Head

Istock 598830194 0 314 2179 3865 - hsi -

Article

Importance of Head Protection

Get email updates

Sign up for the HSI newsletter

Keep up-to-date through the power of email with Europe's largest audited safety magazine - delivering the latest news and products to satisfy all your occupational safety needs.
  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

FEATURED ARTICLES

Article

 Thameslink Traffic Management Programme

Press Release

‘Working At Height’ Remains Biggest Danger

Press Release

“Uncertainty and Ignorance” Risks More Asbestos Deaths

Advertisement

SOCIAL MEDIA

HSI on Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/HSIMagazine/

Advertisement

SOCIAL MEDIA

HSI on Twitter

hsimagazine HSI Magazine @hsimagazine ·
25 Jan

Global gas sensing leader @ionscience has today formally announced the addition of a high-specification Particulate Matter (PM) sensor to its portfolio.

Read all about this exciting addition!
https://www.hsimagazine.com/press-release/worlds-best-performing-particulate-matter-pm-sensor-now-available-from-ion-science-ltd/

#hsimagazine #ionscience #particulatematter

Reply on Twitter 1618280038557970432 Retweet on Twitter 1618280038557970432 Like on Twitter 1618280038557970432 Twitter 1618280038557970432

Advertisement

SUBSCRIBE

Stay up to date with our newsletter

    • Keep up-to-date with Europe’s largest audited safety magazine

 

    • Delivering the latest news and products to satisfy all your occupational safety needs

 

This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

Subscribe

SUBSCRIBE TO HSI MAGAZINE

5 reasons to subscribe to our digital and print package

  • Stay up to date from anywhere in the world, with instant access to the latest issue straight from your phone, tablet or laptop.
  • Trust that you’re getting the best content from our range of internationally accredited authors.
  • Get full access to our archives and see how occupational safety has evolved with us over the years.
  • Enjoy our monthly newsletter curated with up-to-the-minute news and a selection of editor’s top picks.
  • Hot off the press and straight to your door – look forward to your own glossy copy of HSI, delivered five times a year
Subscribe View Subscription levels

STAY SAFE & INFORMED

Subscribe to the best health & safety articles, news, products and regulations

Find out more

Stay up to date with our newsletter

  • This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

ABOUT

  • About HSI International
  • Advertise
  • Contact Us

YOUR ACCOUNT

Sign In Register Account Subscribe to HSI

RESOURCES

Request Media Pack

CONNECT

ACCREDITATIONS

Copyright Bay Publishing 2023. All Rights reserved.

Designed & Built by:
  • Terms & Conditions
  • Privacy Policy
  • Cookie Policy
We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies.
Cookie settingsACCEPT
Manage consent

Privacy Overview

This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
Necessary
Always Enabled
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously.
CookieDurationDescription
cookielawinfo-checbox-analytics11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checbox-functional11 monthsThe cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checbox-others11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance11 monthsThis cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
viewed_cookie_policy11 monthsThe cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.
Functional
Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.
Performance
Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.
Analytics
Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.
Advertisement
Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads.
Others
Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet.
SAVE & ACCEPT